Notes of Chapter 18: Electronics of “Physics XII” for FSc Part 2 published by Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore. These notes are very helpful to prepare Physics paper of FSc Part 2 for Federal Board, Multan Board, Faisalabad Board, Sargodha Board, Gujranwala Board, DG Khan Board, Rawalpindi Board or any other board of Punjab, Pakistan.

Electronics is that branch of physics which deals with the emission behaviour and effects of electrons(as in electron tubes and transistors) and with designing electronic devices such as diodes, ICs, microchips and microprocessors etc.

• Electronics
• P-n junction
• Forward, reverse biased p-n junction
• Rectification
• Types of rectification
• Specially designed p-n junctions
• Applications of photo diode
• Transistors
• Types of transistors
• Current flow in n-p-n transistor
• Transistors as an amplifier
• Transistor switch
• Operational amplifier
• Op-amp as inverting amplifier
• Op-amp as non-inverting amplifier
• Op-amp as a comparator
• comparator as a night switch
• Digital system
• Boolean algebra
• Logic gates
• Applications of logic gates
• Sensors
• Monitoring system