Notes of Chapter 11: Heat and Thermodynamics of “Physics XI” for FSc Part 1 published by Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore. These notes are very helpful to prepare Physics paper of FSc Part 1 for Federal Board, Multan Board, Faisalabad Board, Sargodha Board, Gujranwala Board, DG Khan Board, Rawalpindi Board or any other board of Punjab, Pakistan.

Thermodynamics is a branch of natural science concerned with heat and its relation to energy and work. It defines macroscopic variables (such as temperature, internal energy, entropy, and pressure) that characterize materials and …

• Heat
• Thermodynamics
• Kinetic theory of gases
• Pressure of a gas
• Interpretation of temperature
• Derivation of gas laws
• Internal energy
• Work and heat
• Laws of thermodynamics
• First law of thermodynamics
• Molar specfic heat of a gas
• Reversible and irreversible processes
• Heat engine
• Second law of thermodynamics
• Carnot engine and Carnot's theorem
• Patrol engine
• Disel engine
• Entropy