Notes of Chapter 10: Geometrical Optics of “Physics XI” for FSc Part 1 published by Sindh Textbook Board, Jamshoro. These notes are very helpful to prepare Physics paper of FSc Part 1 for Sindh Board. These can also be consider as refrence notes for Federal Board, Multan Board, Faisalabad Board, Sargodha Board, Gujranwala Board, DG Khan Board, Rawalpindi Board or any other board of Pakistan.

Geometrical optics, or ray optics, describes light propagation in terms of “rays”. The “ray” in geometric optics is an abstraction, or “instrument”, which can be used to approximately model how light will propagate. Light rays are defined to propagate in a rectilinear path as they travel in a homogeneous medium …