Chapter 18: Electronics

This is a eighteenth chapter of the book Physics 12 published by Punjab Curriculum and Textbook Board, Lahore, Pakistan.

After studying this chapter, the students will be able to:

• Describe forward and reserve biasing of a p-n junction.
• Understand half and full wave rectification.
• Know the uses of light emitting diode, photo diode and photo voltaic cell.
• Describe the operation of transistor.
• Know current equation and solve related problems.
• Understand the use of transistors as an amplifier and a switch.
• Understand operational amplifier and its characteristics.
• Know the applications of an operational amplifier as inverting and non-inverting amplifier using virtual ground concept.
• Understand the use of an operational amplifier as a comparator e.g. , night switch.
• Understand the function of each of the following logic gates: AND, NOT, OR and NAND gates and represent their functions by means of truth tables (limited to a maximum of two inputs).
• Describe how to combine different gates to form XOR and XNOR gates.
• Understand combinations of logic gates to perform control functions.