This is a eighteenth chapter of the book Physics 12 published by Punjab Curriculum and Textbook Board, Lahore, Pakistan.
Describe forward and reserve biasing of a p-n junction.
Understand half and full wave rectification.
Know the uses of light emitting diode, photo diode and photo voltaic cell.
Describe the operation of transistor.
Know current equation and solve related problems.
Understand the use of transistors as an amplifier and a switch.
Understand operational amplifier and its characteristics.
Know the applications of an operational amplifier as inverting and non-inverting amplifier using virtual ground concept.
Understand the use of an operational amplifier as a comparator e.g. , night switch.
Understand the function of each of the following logic gates: AND, NOT, OR and NAND gates and represent their functions by means of truth tables (limited to a maximum of two inputs).
Describe how to combine different gates to form XOR and XNOR gates.
Understand combinations of logic gates to perform control functions.