Notes of “Entropy and Second Law of Thermodynamics” for BSc written by Mr.Muhammad Ali Malik. These notes are very helpful to prepare Heat and Thermodynamics for BSc and are in accordance with paper pattern of Punjab University-Lahore, GCU-Lahore, GCU-Faislabad, University of Sargodha-Sargodha and all other universities of Punjab and Pakistan.

Heat engine is a device that converts heat energy into mechanical energy. Every heat engine takes heat from a hot body (source), converts a part of it into work and rejects the remaining part to a cold body (sink). A heat engine carries some working substance through a cyclic process during which…

• Reversible and Irreversible Process
• Cyclic Process
• Quasi-Static Process
• Heat Energy and Second Law of Thermodynamics
• Efficiency of Heat Engine
• Refrigerator and Second Law
• Equivalence of Clausius and Kelvin Statement
• Carnot Engine
• Carnot Cycle
• Efficiency of Carnot Engine
• Thermodynamics Temperature Scale
• Absolute Zero and -ve Temperature
• Entropy in Reversible Process
• Entropy Function
• Entropy in Irreversible Process
• Free Expansion
• Irreversible Heat Transfer
• Entropy and Second Law