===== Notes (Practical Centre, Karachi) =====

Notes of “Physics XII” for FSc Part 2 published by Sindh Textbook Board, Jamshoro. These notes are very helpful to prepare Physics paper of FSc Part 2 for Sindh Board. These can also be consider as refrence notes for Federal Board, Multan Board, Faisalabad Board, Sargodha Board, Gujranwala Board, DG Khan Board, Rawalpindi Board or any other board of Pakistan. 


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**[[FSc:part 2:notes:p_centre:Chap 11 XII|Chapter 11: Heat]]**\\
In physics, heating is transfer of energy, from a hotter body to a colder one, other than by work or transfer of matter. It occurs spontaneously whenever a suitable physical pathway exists between the bodies ...[[FSc:part 2:notes:p_centre:Chap 11 XII|read more and download]]
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**[[FSc:part 2:notes:p_centre:Chap 12 XII|Chapter 12: Electrostatics]]**\\
The branch of Physics which deals with the charges at rest is called electrostatics.The electrostatic force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of the magnitude of charges and inversely proportional to the square of distance between ...[[FSc:part 2:notes:p_centre:Chap 12 XII|read more and download]]
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**[[FSc:part 2:notes:p_centre:Chap 13 XII|Chapter 13: Current Electricity]]**\\
The amount of electric charge that flows through a cross section of a conductor per unit time is known as electric current.If ∆Q is the amount of charge flow through a cross-section in time ∆t , then the electric current I is described ...[[FSc:part 2:notes:p_centre:Chap 13 XII|read more and download]]
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**[[FSc:part 2:notes:p_centre:Chap 14 XII|Chapter 14: Magnetism and Electromagnetism]]**\\
When the heavy current is passed through a straight conductor,a magnetic field is set up in the region surrounding a current carrying wire.The lines of force are circular and their direction depends upon the direction of current.The magnetic field lasts only as long as the current is fl ...[[FSc:part 2:notes:p_centre:Chap 14 XII|read more and download]]
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**[[FSc:part 2:notes:p_centre:Chap 15 XII|Chapter 15: Electrical Measuring Instruments]]**\\
Electrical testing and measurement devices can tell you if a circuit or wire is energized as well as tell you how much voltage or current an ...[[FSc:part 2:notes:p_centre:Chap 15 XII|read more and download]]
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**[[FSc:part 2:notes:p_centre:Chap 16 XII|Chapter 16: Electromagnetic Waves]]**\\
Electromagnetic radiation (EM radiation or EMR) is a fundamental phenomenon of electromagnetism, behaving as waves and also as particles called photons which travel through space carrying radiant energy. ...[[FSc:part 2:notes:p_centre:Chap 16 XII|read more and download]]
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**[[FSc:part 2:notes:p_centre:Chap 17 XII|Chapter 17: Advent of Modern Physics]]**\\
The term modern physics refers to the post-Newtonian conception of physics. The term implies that classical descriptions of phenomena are lacking, and that an accurate, “modern”, description of reality requires theories to incorporate elements of quantum mechanics or Einsteinian relativity, or both ...[[FSc:part 2:notes:p_centre:Chap 17 XII|read more and download]]
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**[[FSc:part 2:notes:p_centre:Chap 18 XII|Chapter 18: Atomic Spectra]]**\\
The branch of physics which deals with the investigations of wavelengts and intensities of electromagnetic radiations emitted or absorbed by atoms is called ...[[FSc:part 2:notes:p_centre:Chap 18 XII|read more and download]]
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**[[FSc:part 2:notes:p_centre:Chap 19 XII|Chapter 19: The Atomic Nucleus]]**\\
The nucleus is the very dense region consisting of protons and neutrons at the center of an atom. It was discovered in 1911 as a result of Ernest Rutherford's interpretation of the 1909 Geiger–Marsden gold foil experiment. The proton–neutron model of the nucleus was proposed by Dmitry Ivanenko in 1932.[1] Almost all of the mass of an atom is located in the nucleus ...[[FSc:part 2:notes:p_centre:Chap 19 XII|read more and download]]
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**[[FSc:part 2:notes:p_centre:Chap 20 XII|Chapter 20: Nuclear Radiations]]**\\
Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies the constituents and interactions of atomic nuclei. The most commonly known applications of nuclear physics are nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons technology, but the research has provided application in many fields, including those in nuclear medicine and magnetic resonance imaging ...[[FSc:part 2:notes:p_centre:Chap 20 XII|read more and download]]
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