===== Modern Physics (Nasir Pervaiz Butt) =====

BSc/BS notes on "Modern Physics" is given below. These are very helpful in the preparation of Mechanics paper for Bsc for any university of Pakistan.



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[[bsc:modern:nasir:quantum|Quantum Physics]]\\
In physics, a quantum is the minimum amount of any physical entity involved in an interaction. Behind this, one finds the fundamental notion that a physical property may be “quantized,” referred to as “the hypothesis of quantization”.This means that the magnitude can take on only certain discrete...[[bsc:modern:nasir:quantum|read more and download]].
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[[bsc:modern:nasir:wave_nature|Wave Nature of Particles]]\\
The electromagnetic radiations like light, X-rays etc., can produce the phenomenon of interference, diffraction and polarization due to their wave nature. But under certain circumstances they can produce photoelectric effect and Compton Effect which is the evidence of their particle...[[bsc:modern:nasir:wave_nature|read more and download]].
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[[bsc:modern:nasir:hydrogen_atom|Hydrogen Atom]]\\
A hydrogen atom is an atom of the chemical element hydrogen. The electrically neutral atom contains a single positively charged proton and a single negatively charged electron bound to the nucleus by the Coulomb force. Atomic hydrogen constitutes about 75% of the elemental (baryonic) mass of the universe...[[bsc:modern:nasir:hydrogen_atom|read more and download]].
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[[bsc:modern:nasir:relativity|Special Theory of Relativity]]\\
In physics, special relativity (SR, also known as the special theory of relativity or STR) is the accepted physical theory regarding the relationship between space and time. It is based on two postulates: (1) that the laws of physics are invariant (i.e., identical) in all inertial systems (non-accelerating frames of reference); and (2) that the speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all observers, regardless of the motion of the light source...[[bsc:modern:nasir:relativity|read more and download]].
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[[bsc:modern:nasir:nuclear|Nuclear Physics]]\\
Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies the constituents and interactions of atomic nuclei. The most commonly known applications of nuclear physics are nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons technology, but the research has provided application in many fields, including those in nuclear medicine and magnetic resonance imaging, ion implantation in materials engineering, and radiocarbon dating in geology and archaeology...[[bsc:modern:nasir:nuclear|read more and download]].
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